![]() In Indonesia, COPD results in a total daily loss of productivity of 901,744 h and medical expenses of IDR 1,294,165,188,810 it is the sixth-leading cause of death nationally. It is estimated that 12 million people suffer from COPD and that 120,000 die of the condition each year. In the United States, it is estimated that COPD costs $50 billion each year, consisting of direct costs of as much as $30 billion and further indirect costs reaching $20 billion. In Europe, COPD accounts for 50% of total health funds each year and causes an annual productivity loss of €48.4 billion. Early retirement occurs in 40% of patients with COPD. ![]() The disease also limits a person’s ability to climb the stairs. Limited ability to perform daily activities occurs in three out of four cases of COPD. ĬOPD is the first cause of disability in the world. This may be due to changes in smoking behavior patterns. ![]() In the past, most studies have shown that the prevalence and mortality of COPD are higher in men than women, but recent studies in developed countries have reported that the prevalence of COPD in men and women is almost the same. In the case of COPD, the age factor plays a role in increased cell aging, stem cell fatigue, increased oxidative stress, changes in the extracellular matrix and a reduction in endogenous anti-aging molecules and protective pathways such as autophagy. Age is often listed as a risk factor for COPD as all vital organs lose their function with age, hence the decline in lung function, which occurs progressively after about 25 years of age. Other risk factors that can influence COPD are environmental exposure to biomass fuels and air pollution, and host factors such as age, sex or socioeconomic status. More than 75% of COPD cases result from lung injury caused by a long period of smoking. A smoking habit is the cause of eight out of ten cases of COPD. COPD caused by smoking is usually initiated by injury to the lungs. The pathogenesis of smoking-related COPD includes the protease, anti-protease and oxidant-antioxidant hypotheses and abnormal repair processes. Cigarette smoking has been shown to be the leading cause of COPD in the United States. The main risk factor for COPD is smoking. The burden of chronic respiratory diseases is generally increasing across the globe, and COPD is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity. ![]() Currently, the number of people with COPD globally reaches 384 million it is estimated that this number will continue to increase, with COPD becoming the third-leading cause of death in the world by 2030. COPD is a major source of morbidity, mortality and cost in the Western world. Of all factors, forming a smoking habit at the age of <15 years old has the biggest risk (OR = 12 CI = 1346–106,950).Ĭhronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a non-communicable disease with an incidence worldwide that increases from year to year. Conclusion: There are three factors of smoking behavior that influence COPD: smoking habit, initial smoking age and smoking duration. This study was conducted at Ngudi Waluyo Hospital, Wlingi, Blitar from October to November 2017. ![]() The samples of this study were 56 respondents of a case group and 56 respondents of a control group. The sampling in this research took a systematic random sampling method. Methods: This research was a case-control study. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of initial smoking age and habit on the incidence of COPD. Background: Indonesia ranks 7th highest in the world for the number of deaths caused by tobacco use including those caused by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |